Management Theories by Morgan, Fayol and Taylor Research Paper

The executives Theories by Morgan, Fayol and Taylor - Research Paper Example The Fourteen rules that have been set somewhere near Fayol are talked about in detail underneath: Specialization of Labor: Fayol’s first significant rule was focused on the specialization of work. This is a significant part of the executives and should be mulled over while overseeing individuals. This is a significant part of the board. Specialization energizes consistent improvement in the abilities and includes the advancement of upgrades in techniques. This is helpful for the organizations and gives the organization better-talented people, which thusly improves profitability. Authority: Authority assumes a significant job in the executives and is fundamental in overseeing individuals. It centers around the option to provide requests and show authority. Offering position to an individual methods giving the individual the option to get things done. Likewise, a duty ordinarily emerges where an individual is given the power. Order: The following viewpoint is discipline this primarily manages guaranteeing there is no loosen, bowing of rules, and that all workers are devoted and deferential in the association. It is fundamental that representatives must obey and regard the guidelines that are predominant in the association. On the off chance that there is successful authority inside an association and an unmistakable comprehension among the executives and laborers concerning the organization’s rules, the order will be at the ideal level. Solidarity of Command: Unity of order alludes to a circumstance where each worker has only one chief. This is basic to guarantee the board of the individuals isn't confounded between the requirements of various individuals at various time. This assumes a significant job as though every representative has only one chief, the workers will be increasingly profitable if the order is from one better than maintain a strategic distance from any disarrays in the ultimate result. Solidarity of Direction: Unity of course is the following significant viewpoint in the 14 standards by Fayol. This is significant simply like the solidarity of order as though one individual leads the group, all the arranging is made by a solitary brain and the main is a lot less difficult since the colleagues need to work as indicated by the arrangement.

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 95

Article Example Nor is there anybody equivalent to Him† (Surah Ikhlas refered to in â€Å"112-Surah Al Ikhlas†). This Surah plainly clarifies the prevalence of Allah in all manners. It is uncovered that no one brought forth Allah nor has Allah any child of girl, which obviously disproves the case that the Christ is God’s child, and this is the thing that lays the premise of distinction in the Christian and the Muslim point of view of God Almighty. It has been pronounced that no one is equivalent to Allah in any regard, which basically deters the requirement for any divine beings or goddesses. This is the reason Muslims trust in no divine beings and goddesses however one God who is Allah. â€Å"Accurately realizing Allah is the column whereupon Islam completely hinges† (Al-Jibouri). Since Allah is simply the incomparable force, He can deal with everything himself and doesn't require some other god or goddess to help Him in His issues, nor is there any god or goddess since Allah didn't make any. Notwithstanding, Allah made blessed messengers that complete His requests and do as He g uides them. The idea of God in Islam requires the Muslims to put stock in just a single God for example Allah as the one with the incomparable force, put stock in His heavenly attendants, His blessed books including the books that he sent before Quran through different prophets, confidence in the prophets, and the Day of Judgment. The faith in Allah obliges the Muslims to carry on with the existence the manner in which Allah has taught through Quran just as the idioms of the Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H.). Any Muslim who imagines that there is anyone notwithstanding Allah who takes care of him or gives him all the endowments of life shirks. The embodiment of being a genuine adherent in Islam is getting harmony by submitting one’s will to Allah. Muslim confidence says that man on Earth is Allah’s emissary. Previously, Allah sent a large number of prophets to convey his message to the individuals, however the Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H.) was the last Prophet. After him, it is the obligat ion of each adherent to spread the light of Islam to the non-devotees with the goal that the message

Educational Experiences, Sociology Essay - 275 Words

Educational Experiences, Sociology (Essay Sample) Content: [studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s name][professorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s name][course][date]Of all the issues in education, gender has interested me the most. Perhaps it is because I am a woman, and I have always wondered why women have always been discriminated against. In Greek mythology, women have always been portrayed as a source of trouble. In Rome, law decreed that women were inferior to men ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "URL" : "/misc/history.htm", "accessed" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2014", "4", "30" ] ] }, "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Women's International Center", "given" : "", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Women's International Center", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2009" ] ] }, "title" : "Women's History in America", "type" : "webpage" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=0bc1fb52-cd98-4cc5-8eea-2cb993060562" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "prev iouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Women\u2019s International Center)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }(Womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s International Center). In the Western world, women did not have the right to vote, nor were they allowed to go to school or to work outside of the home. During the era of industrialization when women were finally allowed to work, they were delegated to jobs that were stereotypically female à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ they were maids, nurses or seamstresses. What began this discrimination? And are women less discriminated today than 50 years ago?As a single mother, striving to get a degree and earn a living at the same time, sometimes I feel that nothing much has changed to improve the lives of women. While it is true that women today have greater freedom than 50 years ago, they are still neglected by government institutions. Today, an unmarried woman works on her own to support her fami ly, often forgetting her own dreams. How many single mothers are like me, who had to forego schooling so I can first take care of my child? How many decided to go back to school to complete a degree so they can get promoted? How many single mothers abused their bodies, working in the morning and studying at night? What is the government doing to support them? How is education helping to enlighten people about the important role women play in raising children, and building better societies?Sometimes I feel that schools provide too many concepts, but very little opportunities for application. For after all, there are numerous kinds of theories recommending greater support for women, but where is the help that we need? When is it coming? Will it come at all?While the rest of the country talks about the impending wars, and the changing climate, a mother somewhere, needs money to buy medicine for her sick child. While experts talk about the prospects of the economy, and the latest develo pments in science, a single mother is forced to work two jobs in order to meet her familyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s daily needs. What outlook is there for single parents? The US Census shows that the number of single parents is on the rise, with almost half of all births were to unmarried women ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "URL" : "http://singleparents.about.com/od/support/a/US-Census-Single-Par... Educational Experiences, Sociology Essay - 275 Words Educational Experiences, Sociology (Essay Sample) Content: [studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s name][professorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s name][course][date]Of all the issues in education, gender has interested me the most. Perhaps it is because I am a woman, and I have always wondered why women have always been discriminated against. In Greek mythology, women have always been portrayed as a source of trouble. In Rome, law decreed that women were inferior to men ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "URL" : "/misc/history.htm", "accessed" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2014", "4", "30" ] ] }, "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Women's International Center", "given" : "", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Women's International Center", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2009" ] ] }, "title" : "Women's History in America", "type" : "webpage" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=0bc1fb52-cd98-4cc5-8eea-2cb993060562" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "prev iouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Women\u2019s International Center)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }(Womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s International Center). In the Western world, women did not have the right to vote, nor were they allowed to go to school or to work outside of the home. During the era of industrialization when women were finally allowed to work, they were delegated to jobs that were stereotypically female à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ they were maids, nurses or seamstresses. What began this discrimination? And are women less discriminated today than 50 years ago?As a single mother, striving to get a degree and earn a living at the same time, sometimes I feel that nothing much has changed to improve the lives of women. While it is true that women today have greater freedom than 50 years ago, they are still neglected by government institutions. Today, an unmarried woman works on her own to support her fami ly, often forgetting her own dreams. How many single mothers are like me, who had to forego schooling so I can first take care of my child? How many decided to go back to school to complete a degree so they can get promoted? How many single mothers abused their bodies, working in the morning and studying at night? What is the government doing to support them? How is education helping to enlighten people about the important role women play in raising children, and building better societies?Sometimes I feel that schools provide too many concepts, but very little opportunities for application. For after all, there are numerous kinds of theories recommending greater support for women, but where is the help that we need? When is it coming? Will it come at all?While the rest of the country talks about the impending wars, and the changing climate, a mother somewhere, needs money to buy medicine for her sick child. While experts talk about the prospects of the economy, and the latest develo pments in science, a single mother is forced to work two jobs in order to meet her familyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s daily needs. What outlook is there for single parents? The US Census shows that the number of single parents is on the rise, with almost half of all births were to unmarried women ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "URL" : "http://singleparents.about.com/od/support/a/US-Census-Single-Par...

Bottle Balloon Blow-Up Experiment

If your child liked the Exploding Sandwich Bag Science Experiment or tried the Antacid Rocket Experiment, she’s really going to like Bottle Balloon Blow-Up experiments, although she might be a little disappointed when she finds out the only thing getting blown up is the balloon.   Once she realizes that none of the various forces used to blow up the balloons in these experiments require her to use air from her lungs, she’ll be intrigued.   Note:  This  experiment  work best with latex balloons, but if any of your participants have using a different balloon will suffice. What Your Child Will Learn (or Practice) The power of carbon dioxide gasThe power of air pressure Materials Needed: An empty water bottleA medium or large balloonA funnelVinegarBaking soda Create a Hypothesis This particular version of the experiment shows how the chemical reaction created by combining baking soda and vinegar is powerful enough to blow up a balloon.  Talk with your child to see if she can predict what will happen when you combine baking soda and vinegar. If she’s ever seen a science-fair volcano, remind her that these are the ingredients used in the volcano. Ask her to predict what will happen if you combine these ingredients when instead of leaving a hole in the top you cover the bottle with a balloon. The Baking Soda Balloon Blow-Up Experiment Fill a water bottle one-third full of vinegar.Put a funnel in the neck of a balloon, and hold onto the balloon neck and funnel. Have your child pours in enough baking soda to fill the balloon halfway.Slide the funnel out of the balloon and have your child hold the portion of the balloon with the baking soda in it down and to the side. Stretch the neck of the balloon over the neck of the water bottle securely.  Be careful not to let any of the baking soda fall into the bottle!Ask your child to slowly hold the balloon over the water bottle to let the baking soda pour inside.Continue to hold tight to the neck of the balloon, but move to the side listen and watch the bottle carefully. You should hear fizzing and crackling noises as the baking soda and vinegar solution activates. The balloon should begin to inflate. What’s Going On: When baking soda and vinegar are combined, the acetic acid in the vinegar breaks down the baking soda (calcium carbonate) into the basics of its chemical composition. The carbon combines with the oxygen in the bottle to create carbon dioxide gas. The gas rises, can’t escape from the bottle and goes into the balloon to blow it up. Extend the Learning Experiment with different size bottles (half-size water bottles, liter bottles, or two-liter soda bottles, etc.) and balloons to see if the amount of oxygen in the bottle makes a difference in how fully the balloon expands. Does the size or weight of the balloon make a difference, too?Try varying the sizes of balloons and bottles and doing the experiment side by side with the variables changed. Which balloon blows up fuller? Which balloon fills up faster? What was the influencing factor?Use more vinegar or baking soda and see what happens. As a last experiment, you can also let go of the balloon when the baking soda drops into the vinegar. What happens? Does the balloon still blow up? Does it shoot across the room?

War on Drugs Research Essay - 2406 Words

Drug use and abuse is an expensive problem in the United States, both financially and socially. The War on Drugs has been an ongoing effort to combat drug abuse, drug use and crime associated with the drug trade. Its a war without a clear enemy. Anything waged against a shapeless, intangible noun can never truly be won — President Clintons drug czar Gen. Barry McCaffrey said as much in 1996. (TIME 2009) Despite the trillions of dollars waged on the war on drugs and the countless arrest made related to drugs, it appears that we are fighting a losing battle. The drug battle is not a new concept it’s a battle that has been around since President Eisenhower coined the phrase â€Å"War on Drugs†. In 1954, President Eisenhower established the†¦show more content†¦In most high crime areas in big cities, law enforcement and judicial systems spend a majority of their day combating drug related crimes, whether staking out a dealer on the corner or convicting a d ealer for possession, too many of our tax dollars are wasted combating drug crimes. Over half of the prison inmates incarcerated between 2009 -10 are there due to drug related offenses, costing an average of 6.2 billion dollars annually. And more than half of those were non-violent offenses (sales, possessions, and attempt to distribute). As noted in the textbook, Drugs and Society, Chapter 3; proponents contend that if drugs were legalized, violence and crime would become less. Many crimes such as robbery, assault and murder are often linked to drugs. Perpetrators, rob, steal and kill for the purpose of buying drugs. However, if drugs were legal any and all profits made via the sale of a drug would directly benefit the economy and stimulate growth for health reform, funding new medical research and abuse prevention programs. The legalization of drugs would require full governmental control of controlled substances. Just as with alcohol and tobacco government would control age lim its, designated amounts and warnings. Critics of legalization believe that by legalizing drugs the government sends a negative message to youths that drug useShow MoreRelatedDrug War Research Paper1354 Words   |  6 Pageshardworking. Students are also used to being surrounded by people of different races and cultures, so equality and tolerance is a value students generally hold. Many in this demographic popularly are fans of soft drugs, such as marijuana. It is assumed that this demographic looks down on the drug war. Generally students are well informed as to what is going on in the news. They’d have some working knowledge of the topic. Overall, this demographic recognizes (myself included) that they are the future ofRead MoreThe Flawed Drug Policy of America1691 Words   |  7 PagesAmericas Flawed Drug Policy Introduction: As a major policy issue in the United States, the War on Drugs has been one of the most monumental failures on modern record. At a cost of billions of taxpayer dollars, thousands of lives lost and many thousands of others ruined by untreated addiction or incarceration, Americas policy orientation concerning drug laws is due for reconsideration. Indeed, the very philosophical orientation of the War on Drugs and of the current drug policy in the UnitedRead MoreThe War On Drugs And The United States956 Words   |  4 PagesThe War on Drugs has become an epidemic today that has afflicted in the United States and the United Nations; both are influenced by international drug laws which preserve the criminal justice system. These new laws promote an ineffective policies on the war on drugs. Therefore, communities are locked while the promotion of illicit drugs become the dominate framework to organized crimes. Today, the war on drugs continues to be an ongoing battle within our society. T his paper will examine these issuesRead MoreThe War on Drugs: a Losing Battle?1626 Words   |  7 Pageswhen American soldiers came home from the Vietnam war addicted to heroin, President Richard Nixon initiated the War on Drugs. More than a decade later, President Ronald Reagan launches the South Florida Drug Task force, headed by then Vice-President George Bush, in response to the city of Miami’s demand for help. In 1981, Miami was the financial and import central for cocaine and Marijuana. Thanks to the task force, drug arrests went up by 27%, and drug seizures went up by 50%. With that, the need forRead MoreIllicit Drug Trafficking : An Organized Crime1481 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of this paper was to gather research of the topic called illicit drug trafficking. It explores 10 online research articles and websites that relate to illicit drug trafficking. These articles however, vary in their research about the topic. It begins by stating how illicit drug traffic king is considered an organized crime. Two of the main drugs that are trafficked are cocaine and heroin. As a result of drug trafficking, the war on drugs has been a problem for many decades in differentRead MoreRace For Nonviolent Drug Offenses Essay1110 Words   |  5 Pagesput in place in the South and Midwest for drugs directed towards minorities. For the purposes of this essay I want to look at race when describing how race disproportionately plays in the legal system for nonviolent drug offenses. In America since 1970 since Nixon declared a war on drugs and the introduction of crack cocaine in the 80s America there has seen a rise of prison inmates. The majority of the inmates are minorities being charged with nonviolent drug offenses. As result, I would like to examineRead MoreUnited States War On Drugs Essay1575 Words   |  7 PagesHumanities Independent Research Essay Thompson Lin Block B 10-1 Research Question: To what extent has the United States’ â€Å"War on Drugs† been successful in reducing illicit drug abuse in the country? The â€Å"War on Drugs† is a term generally referred in America to the campaign aiming to reduce drug abuse in the country. The term first appeared in July 18 1971, when former U.S. President Richard Nixon started the campaign. However, on April 9, 2015, President Obama publicly announced that the policyRead MorePublic Health And Academic Writing980 Words   |  4 Pages Although it is imperative for an educated person to comprehend research and writing in his or her particular field of study, a truly informed individual must also possess the ability to understand the variety of ways that knowledge is made in other disciplines. Having a broad contextual background to draw from will allow a person to make deeper realizations when reading work shared by fellow practitioners of the same field. One academic area outside of those I am most familiar with is public healthRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1436 Words   |  6 Pagesboth a social and political issue. As of curre ntly the direction of most debates about marijuana concern drug liberalization as the nation gets more and more progressive with marijuana. Quite recently, a few states have went forward and legalized marijuana for recreational use, and even Canada has taken its first step towards marijuana legalization. According to a survey conducted by the Pew Research Center, a nonpartisan organization that provides information about the issues, attitudes, and trendsRead MoreThe Effects Of Substance Use And Incarceration894 Words   |  4 Pagesbattle against substance use has been a misguided, ill conceived, expensive, and discriminatory attempt which produced inauspicious results. The War on Drugs and Deinstitutionalization are two such attempts. This paper will analyze how these policy blunders have formed a strong association between substance use and incarceration, how current practice and research is attempted to dismantle these relationships, as well as their clinical and policy implicat ions. Analysis of Substance Use and Incarceration

Operations Management Organization Designing and Manufacturing

Question: Describe about the Operations Management for Organization Designing and Manufacturing. Answer: Operations Management Operations management is the area of management concerned with the business practices for designing and controlling the production systems (Stevenson 2012). According to the case study, Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd is an organization designing and manufacturing custom-built kitchen cabinetry founded in Sydney in the year 2008. Fund and Mei, the founders of the company are responsible for operations and financial management respectively. There is a single manufacturing facility in Mulgrave for customized and standard kitchen cabinets. The company had a contract that would require manufacturing standard kitchen cabinets in small batches. It has been observed that the sales of custom kitchens have been strong, but the profit margin is not rising. The aim of this essay is to assess the current production systems and processes followed by Hawkesbury Cabinets. Further, the problem is defined with the effects of new builders kitchen line on the operations of the organization. Lastly, the ess ay determines the effect of operations on the financial structure. According to Pralong et al. (2014), factory layout plays a critical role in the operations and production systems. It helps in making the production system smooth and efficient. An appropriate factory layout minimizes the manufacturing cost. According to the case study, Hawkesbury has a single manufacturing facility in Mulgrave for customized and standard kitchen cabinets. The equipments and machinery to manufacture cabinets serve general purpose and produce high-quality. This helps the operations in providing flexibility and manufacturing the custom designed cabinets. Since its formation in 2008, the factory layout has several equipments grouped together. The factory layout is designed in such a manner that keeps assemblies strategically. The saws and cutting tables are arranged together. However, other equipments such as routers and shapers are assembled at another work area. The machines used less frequently such as lathes are kept at a distance from the work area. Therefore, it i s observed that the materials are handled efficiently in the factory thereby saving cost and time. The area and space available for use are efficiently utilized. It is analyzed that the organization is reputed for its timely deliveries for which the factory layout can be given credit (Accorsi, Manzini and Maranesi 2014). The activities such as furnishing and painting are performed in an environmentally controlled area towards the rear of the facility. Therefore, it is interpreted that the production area is sustainable and it is designed in a manner that causes minimal harm to the environment and employees (Despeisse, Oates and Ball 2013). However, as the machinery and equipment for both the standard and custom kitchen has same space, machinery and equipment, it is observed that the craftspeople had to compete for the processing time on the same equipment. It is inferred that such practice leads to bottlenecks and processing time is delayed. Bottlenecks were created as stocks or mat erials were piling up and were produces at a less speed due to inadequate machine capacity. It is argued that there is a requirement for good production control system for smooth operations (Stevenson 2012). Operational failures in the manufacturing facilities can cause minor to major consequences. It is argued that due to competitive pressures, the organizations tend to push their manufacturing capacity for generating higher revenue and profitability (Nslund and Hulthen 2012). According to the case study, the standardised kitchens generate 40% of the factory volume and 25% revenue. However, the remaining volume and revenue was generated from the custom kitchens. Therefore, the founders of the company found it beneficial to focus on the custom cabinets as they generated the remaining 60% of factory volume and 75% revenue. With the improving reputation and increasing sales, various low volume contracts were signed by the company. This involved supplying to the small spec builders with standardized kitchen cabinets. The contracts involved manufacturing limited range of kitchen cabinets ranging from a single to five kitchen specifications. Additionally, the client builders laid more stringe nt regulations on the delivery time. They were also price-sensitive than the customized kitchen cabinet buyers. There has been a rapid increase in the sale of builders line of kitchens. There has been a greater scheduling of such work and it is given priority because of higher sales and profit margins. However, the company accountant argued that the operations are not profitable in the manner it should be. It was because of the rising cost of standard builders. The lead times for both custom and standard cabinet orders was increasing. As the machinery, equipment and craftspeople were same for both standard and custom orders, there was greater processing time. There was pile ups affecting the overall delivery times (Chiadamrong and Canova 2013). The existing manufacturing capacity was pushed to the limit and there was no further space for expansion. Evidently, the existing manufacturing location is not sufficient to fulfil the demands of buyers. It is argued that to maintain reputati on in the market, there is a need for the organization to address the bottlenecks in the factory operation systems and processes (Durowoju, Kai Chan and Wang 2012). A financial structure of an organization refers to the long-term debt and equity used by a company for financing the operations. The role of a financial manager is to decide the amount of money to be borrowed and the best ways to manage capital structure. It is argued that financial structure planning is important in the business survival and every component needs to be managed effectively (Robb and Robinson 2012). In the given case scenario, the move to producing builders kitchen is affecting the operations. Consequently, the financial structure of the company shall also be affected. With the rising cost of standard builders, there was also a rise in capital investment for raw materials inventory, work in progress and finished goods. The increasing labour cost shall be added as an operating expense affecting the gross profit negatively (ztekin 2015). As the demand for standard kitchen cabinets were increasing, there is a greater requirement for inventory. As the stock needs to be in creased, the gross profit rate shall decline. With the increasing inventory, there is a need for rented warehouse space. The rent of a warehouse is usually charged monthly, that adds up to the administrative cost thereby affecting the net profit negatively (Degryse, Goeij and Kappert 2012). With the declining gross profit and net profit, the overall profit for the organization tends to decline. The net profit figure is added to the capital figure in the balance sheet. The financial position of the company is indicated using the Profit and Loss Statement and the Balance Sheet. It is argued that as the profit will be low, the balance sheet statement shall present low figures that may affect investors of the business. It may also affect the creditors such as banks to make loan to the company (Jeveer 2012). Conclusively, Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd needs to pay attention to the operational deficiencies as it is not only affecting the day-to-day implications, but also the long-term profitability and operations of the organization. It has been observed that the sales of custom kitchens have been strong, but the profit margin is not rising. The existing production facilities of the organization suit the demand structure. However, the existing manufacturing capacity was pushed to the limit and there was no further space for expansion. The company is making late deliveries to the buyers as there has been an increase in lead times. Not only the operations, but the business is not as profitable as it must be due to the rising costs for production. References Accorsi, R., Manzini, R. and Maranesi, F., 2014. A decision-support system for the design and management of warehousing systems.Computers in Industry, 65(1), pp.175-186. Amoo Durowoju, O., Kai Chan, H. and Wang, X., 2012. Entropy assessment of supply chain disruption.Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 23(8), pp.998-1014. Chiadamrong, N. and Canova, T., 2013. Assessing logistics factors on the business success of the electrical and electronics industry in Thailand.EJIE, 7(4), p.393. Degryse, H., de Goeij, P. and Kappert, P., 2012. The impact of firm and industry characteristics on small firms capital structure.Small Bus Econ, 38(4), pp.431-447. Despeisse, M., Oates, M. and Ball, P., 2013. Sustainable manufacturing tactics and cross-functional factory modelling.Journal of Cleaner Production, 42, pp.31-41. Jeveer, K., 2012. What do we know about the capital structure of small firms?.Small Bus Econ, 41(2), pp.479-501. Nslund, D. and Hulthen, H., 2012. Supply chain management integration: a critical analysis.Benchmarking: An International Journal, 19(4/5), pp.481-501. ztekin, ., 2015. Capital Structure Decisions around the World: Which Factors Are Reliably Important?.Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 50(03), pp.301-323. Pralong, A., Levine, H., Lilja, J., Gaasvik, . and Hummel, H., 2014. Paradigm shift for vaccine manufacturing facilities: The next generation of flexible, modular facilities.Eng. Life Sci., 14(3), pp.244-253. Robb, A. and Robinson, D., 2012. The Capital Structure Decisions of New Firms.Rev. Financ. Stud., 27(1), pp.153-179. Stevenson, W., 2012.Operations management. Boston: McMcGraw-Hill Irwin.

The Formulation of Criminal Justice Policies Essays - Criminal Law

The Formulation of Criminal Justice Policies Student's Name Institution of Affiliation The Formulation of Criminal Justice Policies The criminal justice systems play the critical role of facilitating various government institutions to maintain social control, deter as well as mitigate crime. In effect, it is imperative for the government to ensure that the criminal justice system is functioning effectively. The performance of the criminal justice system is influenced by the standard of policies that are used for the purpose of operating it. In consequence, it is critical for the stakeholders of the criminal justice system to ensure that the administrators of the institution manage to develop top notch policies. A review of the operations of the criminal justice system confirms that the use of statistical data is instrumental to the formulation of world-class criminal justice policies. Currently, a substantive fraction of the residents in the United States are complaining about the criminal justice system because of the fashion in which they have been carrying out their operations. Notably, the critics of the criminal justice system argue that the law enforcement officers have been carrying out extrajudicial killings leading to the formation of civil society movements such as Black Lives Matter. Indeed, the police have made the effort of ensuring that they process most of the cases regarding to extrajudicial killings but the outcomes of such inquiries have been controversial. In effect, the general public has been losing confidence on the credibility of the operations of some of the law enforcement agencies (Sheperdson, Clancey, Lee & Crofts, 2014). Due to this facet, it is essential for the directors of the criminal justice system to utilize the latest set of statistical data to review the incidence of extrajudicial killing across the country. The utilization of statistical data will enable the directors of the criminal justice system to develop an impartial and objective view of the situation. In consequence, the directors of the criminal justice system can develop policies which will minimize the prevalence of extrajudicial killings throughout the country which can boost the confidence of the public on the system. Additionally, the use of statistical data by the stakeholders of the criminal justice systems can enhance their effectiveness at rehabilitating prisoners. The analysis of statistical data can enable the prisons department to determine the most common type of crime in the country. In consequence, the prison department can develop programs that specially address the factors which lead to the execution of such crimes (Silveira & Beato, 2014). By so doing, it is highly likely that the prisons department will reduce the incidence of those types of crimes. The quality of policies which will devised will be influenced by the standard of statistical information utilized by the directors of the criminal justice system. In a nutshell, it is evident that the use of statistical data as a means of supporting the criminal justice policy is critical to improving the effectiveness of the criminal justice system. Notably, the use statistical data that is utilized during policy formulation facilitates the stakeholders of the criminal justice system to devise policies which will improve the accountability of public officials. Similarly, the utilization of statistical data will ensure that all the policies which are formulated are relevant to the contemporary social, economic and political environment (Valle, 2010). In effect, the criminal justice policy will enable the various arms of the criminal justice system to enhance their contribution towards upholding social control, sanctioning the individuals who contravene laws with retribution efforts, mitigating as well as deterring crime. References Sheperdson, P., Clancey, G., Lee, M., & Crofts, T. (2014). Community Safety and Crime Prevention Partnerships: Challenges and Opportunities. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy. Retrieved 17 July 2017, from https://www.crimejusticejournal.com/article/view/135 Silveira, A., & Beato, C. (2014). Effectiveness and Evaluation of Crime Prevention Programs in Minas Gerais. Stability: International Journal Of Security & Development, 3(1), 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/sta.dr Valle, M. (2010). Crime Prevention and Community Safety: A Conceptual Overview. International Journal Of Child, Youth & Family Studies, 1(1).

General Circulation models Essays

General Circulation models Essays General Circulation models Essay General Circulation models Essay Again there may be problems with the data; bioturbation may be encountered by the action of organisms dwelling on the lakebed, and conditions favouring preservation of records may be inhibited due to anoxic bottom waters, causing adverse chemical conditions (Nesje and Dahl 2000). Several cores are usually taken to minimise errors. Ice coring has become a well-known and trusted form of gathering data about the Quaternary on a global scale, with the most renowned and detailed examples coming from Greenland and Antarctica. Ice cores can reveal many things about a glacier, including its origin, its basal conditions, climatic circulation conditions and possibly even anthropogenic influences on climate, with the presence of certain human-induced pollutants such as CFCs. Gasses can be trapped in air bubbles in the ice (Press and Siever 2000). Carbon dioxide concentrations for example, can be calculated, revealing approximate climate temperatures. Oxygen Isotopes, such as those trapped in the shells of marine creatures are also preserved in these air bubbles, again, allowing previous temperatures to be estimated. Aerosols such as dust can also reveal what was happening globally. If there is a lot of dust, it suggests a large amount of atmospheric aerosol loading (Nesje and Dahl 2000), which can be linked to an expansion of deserts, or poorly vegetated areas. The longest and most useful ice cores come from polar ice sheets, which suffer least from surface melting. The Vostok ice core for example, in the South Pole can date back to the late Glacial Pleistocene maximum and beyond. The longest cores taken from here reach 3623 meters in length (Menzies 2002). : Ice cores are limited to a certain extent to the age of preserved ice. This is because the thicker the ice, the lower the temperature required to melt it (at 2200m the basal ice will melt at -1. 6oC), thus very early ice accumulation tends to disappear, or be severely deformed in its fluid state (WMR University, 1998). Comparisons Because of the wide range of data obtainable from various sources, discrepancies in the accuracy of data, and the spatial limitations that any one data source has information for (e.g. Ice cores are best at giving local rather than global information), it could be said that combining data from as many sources as possible is the best course of action for getting as vivid a picture of quaternary environments as possible. For example terrestrial landforms may be useful in telling us the extent of previous ice sheets and where they moved, but this would be of limited use, without the chronological evidence to tell us when it happened. For example, between the dates 70-115 ka BP, 6 interstadial episodes with probable global significance occurred, as suggested by evidence found in the GRIP (Greenland Ice Core Project) core. Data from the Vostok core as well as North Atlantic marine sediments also suggested this was the case (Lowe and Walker 1997). Another example of coinciding data from several sources can be seen in oxygen isotope data. A continuous 500,000-year climate record from the isotopes was retrieved from a core at Devils Hole, Nevada. The isotope record correlated strongly with cores taken from Greenland and Vostok cores (Menzies 2002). The only problem with comparing data is that they are often dated in different ways for example, ice cores are dated by using ice-layer years (Lowe and Walker 1997), whereas radiocarbon dating is used for other areas. For this reason, calibrations for the last glacial interglacial were created. To get a full picture of the last quaternary and its climate, it appears that it is very important to look at all the information available to us, and bring it together to get a meaningful overall picture. It is important to remember that cores taken from marine sediments and glacial ice would mean nothing to scientists if we did not have the technology for radiometric and isotopic dating and analysis that we currently employ (Menzies 2002). Bennett and Glasser (1996) also mention that if we did not have the high-tech computer programmes to interpret and display data in the form of models and graphs replicating such things as ice sheet behaviour and climate patterns, we would have a much more difficult task and probably poorer understanding. Lowe and Walker (1997) also mention the development of General Circulation models, which are used in the interpretation of Oxygen Isotope records. Terrestrial and marine evidence has told us a lot about previous climate change its extent, and patterns of occurrence, which in the long term, will help us better-understand climate patterns of the future, and allow us to better prepare for them. Some areas are still uncertain, but as technologies improve, we can only hope to get as full a picture as the earth is capable of revealing.

Corporate Financial Reporting and Taxation Essay

Corporate Financial Reporting and Taxation - Essay Example The year 2012 has been marked the company’s growth in the value of net assets. This, therefore, essay covers analysis of the company’s financial statements for the year 2012, risk of a possible corporate failure and the importance of the objectivity and integrity in the preparation of the financial statements (Financial Statement: the IP group, pp. 1-9). Return on capital employed (ROCE) – capital employed is total assets – current liabilities. Therefore, return on capital employed ratio indicates the return generated by every pound invested as capital employed. Concerning the IP group, the ROCE for the year was 15.5%. The interpretation of the ratio goes that in 2012, 15.5% of the company’s net profit was generated by the company’s capital employed. This ratio can also be used by investors to determine the required rate of return on investments. Generally, a lower return on capital employed than the cost of capital is not preferable to investors (Duncan Hughes, Asset management in theory and practice, pp. 42-44). Net profit margin – the ratio indicates a company’s financial health after meeting the cost of sales and the operating expenses. It also indicates the company’s ability to pay for future operating costs. Concerning the IP group, the ratio for 2012 was 77.5%. This means that in the year 2012, 77.5% % of the total revenue were net profit, whereas, the remaining 22.5% of sales were consumed by the company’s operating costs. From this analysis, it can be concluded that the level of operational efficiency for IP group was high due to the effective cost management strategy. (Sarngadharan M. & Kumar R. S. Financial analysis for management decisions, pp. 121-135). Net profit margin before tax – this ratio shows how well a company manages its operating expenses. The higher the ratio, the lower the operating expenses of a company. The opposite is true.

Credit Crunch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Credit Crunch - Essay Example This paper briefly analyses the major reasons for the credit crunch started in the last year. The major reason for the current financial crisis is the unwise lending habits of the financial institutions like banks. â€Å"Banks found ways to increase the number of mortgage loans through strategies such as interest only mortgages, 100% mortgages and lending to people with poor credit histories† (Who is to Blame for Credit Crunch?). American public have the habit of spending all the money they earned without saving anything for the future. When they are need of money they approached the banks and the banks were ready to give them loans as much as they required, without assessing their financial capabilities. Banks never calculated that an economic crisis like the current one may happen in near future. The banks thought that the global economy is a renewable source. They consider it as an ocean of wealth which will never be exhausted. The allocation of resources in the case of a bank is mainly the loans of different forms to the customers. This allocation has not been don e properly by the banks. They have allotted loans to all the people irrespective of the financial strengths of the customers. They have not conducted any reviews to assess the financial setups of the customer at present and also they failed to forecast the future. On the other hand, the greedy customers accepted all the offers from the banks with both hands. They have approached the banks for everything and the banks were ready to fulfill their dreams. The banks were too focused on selling their goods or services rather than buying the goods or services. They thought the success of banking business rest on selling rather than purchasing. They never bothered too much about the returns against the services they provided. In their opinion, American economy was capable of facing any challenges or threats from the

The Industrial Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Industrial Revolution - Essay Example The changes were far from beneficial for the working class who did not see an increase in their standard of living during the Industrial Revolution, but instead traded health, dignity, and emotional well being for a small increase in disposable income. The topic of the working class during this period has been one that has been widely and often debated. It can stir up highly charged emotions among historians and social scientists. While some arguments center on amelioration, others are more pessimistic in their viewpoint. The debate has become more interesting as the issues are applied to the global economy and the developing world of today. During this period of development in England, large numbers of the population were relocated from a self-sufficient agricultural economy to an urban factory setting. To entice the workers to move, an economic advantage, either real or perceived was necessary. Higher wages would be offered than could be realized from farm labor. However, the worker would trade social and environmental amenities for the higher pay. It is hypothesized that based on this trade of well being for wages, we can expect to find that when wages increased, living conditions were the poorest. Likewise, based on free market theory, the higher wages would initially create increased demand for products and higher prices. However, as production reached economies of scale, the market would reach equilibrium and result in modest financial rewards for the working class. Because standard of living denotes well being, it does not lend itself to mathematical evaluation. Much of it is qualitative and subjective. Often, even quantitative data from this period is subject to debate about its meaning and credibility. The data will be analyzed through a lens of objectivity and attempt to describe a condition as better or worse. Data such as wages and costs will be reported in real terms and consumption will be analyzed for quality of content. Definition of Terms For the purpose of this research the Industrial Revolution is defined as the period of 1770 to 1849. The research will consider the standard of living of the working class during this period. The post 1849 years will be evaluated and used for comparison where appropriate. This is consistent with many historians who consider the post 1849 period to be the Second Industrial Revolution. Graphical data will be presented for the years 1794 - 1849, the period that credible data is available. This 50-year period is an adequate representation of the major economic movements for the period. One of the overriding difficulties in approaching this topic is defining standard of living. Standard of living is comprised of several different attributes that may be material, emotional, or a combination of both. Standard of living includes wages and the amount of products consumed. It includes both necessities and luxury items. Standard of living considers the working conditions and the safety of the occupation. It also includes living conditions, the environment, and the health of the household. It further includes infant mortality and life span. As a measure of progress with respect to standard of living it will also evaluate education and literacy. This multitude of characteristics will combine to give a more complete picture of the standard

British Imperialism and the Crisis in the Sudan Essay -- Darfur Region

British Imperialism and the Crisis in the Sudan Introduction One of the world’s worst humanitarian crisis is currently unfolding in the Darfur region of the Sudan. For the past 22 months, more than 70,000 Sudanese have been killed, and nearly 2 million people have fled their homes to neighboring countries. This paper attempts to explore this present day civil war and genocide taking place in the Sudan. This is an event of epic proportions that will have vast implications for the future of the country and the continent. Understanding the history of European colonialism in Africa, as focused through the lense of the Sudan, is the purpose of this paper. Primarily, the paper will analyze the history of European imperialism in the region of the Sudan, and attempt to understand how the British occupation of the country provided the framework and foundation for many of the problems today. Furthermore this paper will explore the implications that this genocide will have in the international realm of politics; the lack of media expos ure of such an horrific event is another avenue of exploration in this paper. In present day Sudan the country is divided across political and religious lines that are so deeply rooted that a peace resolution does not seem likely in the near future. The world is simply waiting and hoping that the conflict will be resolved internally without aid from the outside world. The manner in which the world is responding to the conflict in the Sudan is indicative of the manner in which the world has always viewed Africa and its people. Dating back to as early the 1400s the world has always viewed the people of Africa as second-class citizens and have treated them as such. This mindset still p... ...aphy Anderson, G. Norman. Sudan in Crisis: The Failure of Democracy. Gainesville: University Press of Florida,1999. Khalid,Mansour. War and Peace in Sudan.London: Kegan Paul, 2003. Thomas, Graham F. Sudan: Struggle for Suvival. London: Darf Publishers Ltd., 1990. Voll, John O. Sudan: State and Society in Crisis. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991. The Economist. 31 July 2004. â€Å"Human Rights Watch.† http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2004/08/27/darfur9268.htm 27 August 2004. â€Å"Socialist Party.† http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/sep04/ â€Å"Oxfam News†.http://oxfam.ca/news/Sudan/Q&A2.htm. November 2004. â€Å"Socialist.net†.http://www.socialistworld.net/index2.html?/eng/2004/09/07sudan.html. â€Å"BBC News†.http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3496731.stm. â€Å"U.S. Department of State†.http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5424.htm. October 2004.

Managing People Motivation Essay

Human resources are the Heart and soul of the organization. It is important that you should manage them effectively to optimize the full utilization of their talents. It is not enough to attract and retain talented people, you should motivate them to use their talents. Keeping an employee working at full potential is the ultimate goal of employee motivation. The employment contract provides a symbolic relationship between employers and employees. Employers expect employees to work hard, committed to the values of the organization, loyal and dependable, keep the work standards set by management, observe the rules and regulations and provide output in terms of product or services that are of good quality. Employees, on other hand that they should be rewarded well and equitably, treated fair and humanely, provide opportunities for career development and promotion given work that suits their abilities and have a happy and safe working environment. The success of the business is largely dependent upon the ability of the managers to motivate workers to achieve the high results. Managing people motivation is a must. Definition of Motivation Motivation is the internal condition that activates behavior and gives it direction; energizes and directs goal-oriented behavior. Motivation Helps explain why people do the things they doo. Understandin motivation is a major concern f all managers. History of Motivation The oldest technique used to motivate others is known today as the Carrot and Stick method. The name evolved from the stubbornness of the donkeys that could only be moved by taunting them with carrots. Early managers regularly offered economic â€Å"carrots† to entice people to work harder. This theory created misconception that money always motivated people to work harder. The awakening field of psychology was looking for a new way to motivate people, and n short time, managers would begin looking for psychologist for new methods of management. On 1923 Elton Mayo made clear the inadequacy of the pure carrot and stick motivation. Performing an experiment Philadelphia textile mill, Mayo concluded that the reason for the low was hat spinners had low opportunities to communicate with one another. Financial incentives failed to increase productivity. Mayo felt that the solution to his productivity problem was change the atmosphere of the workplace. The introduction of (2) ten minute break for the spinners produced immediate results. Morale improved and output increase tremendously. The spinners experiment confirmed Mayo belief that it was important for managers take into the account the psychology and well being of the worker. The Era of Industry Psychology Douglas McGregor was one of the few Americans n the 1950s who believed that the workers actually cared about doing good work. Building tradition with roots in the early work of pioneers such as Elton Mayo, He questioned a deeply held assumption that guided managerial efforts for centuries. He and the other psychologist held the view that it was unfair and bad psychology. They argued that people’s skills, attitudes, energy and commitment are resources that can make or unmake the enterprise. This new era of industrial psychology led to a sensitive understanding of people and their symbolic relationship with organization. 1. Organization exist to serve human needs rather than the reverse. 2. People and Organization need each other 3. When the fit between individual and system is poor, one or both suffer. 4. A good fit benefits both.

Definition of Taliban An Extremist Sharia Law Movement

The Taliban is an Islamic Sunni movement following a strict interpretation of Sharia law that took over Afghanistan following the Soviet withdrawal in the late 1990s. Taliban rule imposed draconian restrictions on women being allowed to work, go to school or even leave the house — which could only be done fully covered with a burqa and accompanied by a male relative.   The Taliban granted safe haven to terrorist group al-Qaeda,  leading to their overthrow by a United States-led invasion in 2001 and have since regrouped in the mountainous region straddling Pakistan and Afghanistan where they continue to operate as an insurgent movement currently known as the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. Differences in Ideologies In order to understand the difference between the Talibans radical interpretation  of Sharia law and that of the majority of the 1.6 billion population  Muslim  world, it is important to also realize that like Christianity — which has its own extremist groups like the KKK — Islam can be broken down into subgroups as well: the Sunnis and the Shiites. These two groups have been battling it out for over 1,400 years, originating with a dispute over the death of the Prophet Muhammad and his rightful heir in the leadership  of the Muslim world. Although they share many core values of the same religion, the Sunnis and the Shiites do differ in a few beliefs and practices (just as Catholics differ from Baptists). Further, they created a divide in the interpretation of Sharia law, which would ultimately lead to some Muslim-majority nations treating women as inferior while a majority afforded women the same treatment as men, often elevating them to levels of power throughout early and modern Islamic history. Establishment of the Taliban Controversy  has long surrounded international interpretation of Sharia law  because of these differences in ideologies and interpretations of the religious  texts. However, most Muslim-majority countries do not follow a strict Sharia law that restricts womens rights. Yet, radical follower like those that would eventually form the Taliban  misrepresents the larger, peaceful ideology of Islam. As early as 1991, Mullah Mohammed Omar began gathering followers amongst refugees in Pakistan based on his extreme interpretation of religious law. The first known act of the Taliban, whose story was perpetuated by their own members, involved Mullah Omar and 30 of his soldiers freeing two young girls who had been abducted and raped by the neighboring governor of Singesear. Later that year, with their numbers greatly increased, the Taliban made its first march northward from Kandahar. In 1995, the Taliban began attacking the capital city of Afghanistan, Kabul, in order to attempt to assert their control over the government, declining to join a political process already in place to establish the rulership of the nation. Instead, they bombed civilian-occupied areas of the city, drawing the attention of international human rights watch groups. A year later, the Taliban took control of the city. A Short-Lived Regime Mullah Omar continued to lead the Taliban, assuming the role of the supreme commander and spiritual leader until he died in early 2013. Immediately upon assuming office, the true motives and religious ideology of the Taliban came to light as they enforced a number of laws over the women and minorities of Afghanistan. The Taliban only controlled Afghanistan for 5 years, though in that short time they committed a number of atrocities against their enemies and citizens alike. Along with denying United Nations-funded food relief to over 150,000 starving villagers, the Taliban burned large areas of farms and residences and carried out massacres against Afghan citizens who dared defy their reign.   After discovering the Taliban had provided shelter to the Islamic extremist group al-Queda in 2001 before and after their terrorist attack on 9/11 against the United States World Trade Centers and Pentagon, the U.S. and United Nations formed a group invasion to overthrow the terrorist regime of Mullah Omar and his men. Although he survived the invasion, Mullah Omar and the Taliban were forced into hiding in the mountainous regions of Afghanistan. Still, Mullah Omar continued to lead insurgencies through the Taliban and similar groups like ISIS and ISIL to carry out over 76% of civilian murders in Afghanistan in 2010 and 80% of them in both 2011 and 2012 until his death is 2013. Their antiquated, inhumane interpretation of an otherwise peaceful text continues to garner support, begging the question: Are counter-terrorism efforts in the Middle East helping or hurting the cause to rid the Islamic world of these types of religious extremists?