General Circulation models Essays

General Circulation models Essays General Circulation models Essay General Circulation models Essay Again there may be problems with the data; bioturbation may be encountered by the action of organisms dwelling on the lakebed, and conditions favouring preservation of records may be inhibited due to anoxic bottom waters, causing adverse chemical conditions (Nesje and Dahl 2000). Several cores are usually taken to minimise errors. Ice coring has become a well-known and trusted form of gathering data about the Quaternary on a global scale, with the most renowned and detailed examples coming from Greenland and Antarctica. Ice cores can reveal many things about a glacier, including its origin, its basal conditions, climatic circulation conditions and possibly even anthropogenic influences on climate, with the presence of certain human-induced pollutants such as CFCs. Gasses can be trapped in air bubbles in the ice (Press and Siever 2000). Carbon dioxide concentrations for example, can be calculated, revealing approximate climate temperatures. Oxygen Isotopes, such as those trapped in the shells of marine creatures are also preserved in these air bubbles, again, allowing previous temperatures to be estimated. Aerosols such as dust can also reveal what was happening globally. If there is a lot of dust, it suggests a large amount of atmospheric aerosol loading (Nesje and Dahl 2000), which can be linked to an expansion of deserts, or poorly vegetated areas. The longest and most useful ice cores come from polar ice sheets, which suffer least from surface melting. The Vostok ice core for example, in the South Pole can date back to the late Glacial Pleistocene maximum and beyond. The longest cores taken from here reach 3623 meters in length (Menzies 2002). : Ice cores are limited to a certain extent to the age of preserved ice. This is because the thicker the ice, the lower the temperature required to melt it (at 2200m the basal ice will melt at -1. 6oC), thus very early ice accumulation tends to disappear, or be severely deformed in its fluid state (WMR University, 1998). Comparisons Because of the wide range of data obtainable from various sources, discrepancies in the accuracy of data, and the spatial limitations that any one data source has information for (e.g. Ice cores are best at giving local rather than global information), it could be said that combining data from as many sources as possible is the best course of action for getting as vivid a picture of quaternary environments as possible. For example terrestrial landforms may be useful in telling us the extent of previous ice sheets and where they moved, but this would be of limited use, without the chronological evidence to tell us when it happened. For example, between the dates 70-115 ka BP, 6 interstadial episodes with probable global significance occurred, as suggested by evidence found in the GRIP (Greenland Ice Core Project) core. Data from the Vostok core as well as North Atlantic marine sediments also suggested this was the case (Lowe and Walker 1997). Another example of coinciding data from several sources can be seen in oxygen isotope data. A continuous 500,000-year climate record from the isotopes was retrieved from a core at Devils Hole, Nevada. The isotope record correlated strongly with cores taken from Greenland and Vostok cores (Menzies 2002). The only problem with comparing data is that they are often dated in different ways for example, ice cores are dated by using ice-layer years (Lowe and Walker 1997), whereas radiocarbon dating is used for other areas. For this reason, calibrations for the last glacial interglacial were created. To get a full picture of the last quaternary and its climate, it appears that it is very important to look at all the information available to us, and bring it together to get a meaningful overall picture. It is important to remember that cores taken from marine sediments and glacial ice would mean nothing to scientists if we did not have the technology for radiometric and isotopic dating and analysis that we currently employ (Menzies 2002). Bennett and Glasser (1996) also mention that if we did not have the high-tech computer programmes to interpret and display data in the form of models and graphs replicating such things as ice sheet behaviour and climate patterns, we would have a much more difficult task and probably poorer understanding. Lowe and Walker (1997) also mention the development of General Circulation models, which are used in the interpretation of Oxygen Isotope records. Terrestrial and marine evidence has told us a lot about previous climate change its extent, and patterns of occurrence, which in the long term, will help us better-understand climate patterns of the future, and allow us to better prepare for them. Some areas are still uncertain, but as technologies improve, we can only hope to get as full a picture as the earth is capable of revealing.

Corporate Financial Reporting and Taxation Essay

Corporate Financial Reporting and Taxation - Essay Example The year 2012 has been marked the company’s growth in the value of net assets. This, therefore, essay covers analysis of the company’s financial statements for the year 2012, risk of a possible corporate failure and the importance of the objectivity and integrity in the preparation of the financial statements (Financial Statement: the IP group, pp. 1-9). Return on capital employed (ROCE) – capital employed is total assets – current liabilities. Therefore, return on capital employed ratio indicates the return generated by every pound invested as capital employed. Concerning the IP group, the ROCE for the year was 15.5%. The interpretation of the ratio goes that in 2012, 15.5% of the company’s net profit was generated by the company’s capital employed. This ratio can also be used by investors to determine the required rate of return on investments. Generally, a lower return on capital employed than the cost of capital is not preferable to investors (Duncan Hughes, Asset management in theory and practice, pp. 42-44). Net profit margin – the ratio indicates a company’s financial health after meeting the cost of sales and the operating expenses. It also indicates the company’s ability to pay for future operating costs. Concerning the IP group, the ratio for 2012 was 77.5%. This means that in the year 2012, 77.5% % of the total revenue were net profit, whereas, the remaining 22.5% of sales were consumed by the company’s operating costs. From this analysis, it can be concluded that the level of operational efficiency for IP group was high due to the effective cost management strategy. (Sarngadharan M. & Kumar R. S. Financial analysis for management decisions, pp. 121-135). Net profit margin before tax – this ratio shows how well a company manages its operating expenses. The higher the ratio, the lower the operating expenses of a company. The opposite is true.

Credit Crunch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Credit Crunch - Essay Example This paper briefly analyses the major reasons for the credit crunch started in the last year. The major reason for the current financial crisis is the unwise lending habits of the financial institutions like banks. â€Å"Banks found ways to increase the number of mortgage loans through strategies such as interest only mortgages, 100% mortgages and lending to people with poor credit histories† (Who is to Blame for Credit Crunch?). American public have the habit of spending all the money they earned without saving anything for the future. When they are need of money they approached the banks and the banks were ready to give them loans as much as they required, without assessing their financial capabilities. Banks never calculated that an economic crisis like the current one may happen in near future. The banks thought that the global economy is a renewable source. They consider it as an ocean of wealth which will never be exhausted. The allocation of resources in the case of a bank is mainly the loans of different forms to the customers. This allocation has not been don e properly by the banks. They have allotted loans to all the people irrespective of the financial strengths of the customers. They have not conducted any reviews to assess the financial setups of the customer at present and also they failed to forecast the future. On the other hand, the greedy customers accepted all the offers from the banks with both hands. They have approached the banks for everything and the banks were ready to fulfill their dreams. The banks were too focused on selling their goods or services rather than buying the goods or services. They thought the success of banking business rest on selling rather than purchasing. They never bothered too much about the returns against the services they provided. In their opinion, American economy was capable of facing any challenges or threats from the

The Industrial Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Industrial Revolution - Essay Example The changes were far from beneficial for the working class who did not see an increase in their standard of living during the Industrial Revolution, but instead traded health, dignity, and emotional well being for a small increase in disposable income. The topic of the working class during this period has been one that has been widely and often debated. It can stir up highly charged emotions among historians and social scientists. While some arguments center on amelioration, others are more pessimistic in their viewpoint. The debate has become more interesting as the issues are applied to the global economy and the developing world of today. During this period of development in England, large numbers of the population were relocated from a self-sufficient agricultural economy to an urban factory setting. To entice the workers to move, an economic advantage, either real or perceived was necessary. Higher wages would be offered than could be realized from farm labor. However, the worker would trade social and environmental amenities for the higher pay. It is hypothesized that based on this trade of well being for wages, we can expect to find that when wages increased, living conditions were the poorest. Likewise, based on free market theory, the higher wages would initially create increased demand for products and higher prices. However, as production reached economies of scale, the market would reach equilibrium and result in modest financial rewards for the working class. Because standard of living denotes well being, it does not lend itself to mathematical evaluation. Much of it is qualitative and subjective. Often, even quantitative data from this period is subject to debate about its meaning and credibility. The data will be analyzed through a lens of objectivity and attempt to describe a condition as better or worse. Data such as wages and costs will be reported in real terms and consumption will be analyzed for quality of content. Definition of Terms For the purpose of this research the Industrial Revolution is defined as the period of 1770 to 1849. The research will consider the standard of living of the working class during this period. The post 1849 years will be evaluated and used for comparison where appropriate. This is consistent with many historians who consider the post 1849 period to be the Second Industrial Revolution. Graphical data will be presented for the years 1794 - 1849, the period that credible data is available. This 50-year period is an adequate representation of the major economic movements for the period. One of the overriding difficulties in approaching this topic is defining standard of living. Standard of living is comprised of several different attributes that may be material, emotional, or a combination of both. Standard of living includes wages and the amount of products consumed. It includes both necessities and luxury items. Standard of living considers the working conditions and the safety of the occupation. It also includes living conditions, the environment, and the health of the household. It further includes infant mortality and life span. As a measure of progress with respect to standard of living it will also evaluate education and literacy. This multitude of characteristics will combine to give a more complete picture of the standard

British Imperialism and the Crisis in the Sudan Essay -- Darfur Region

British Imperialism and the Crisis in the Sudan Introduction One of the world’s worst humanitarian crisis is currently unfolding in the Darfur region of the Sudan. For the past 22 months, more than 70,000 Sudanese have been killed, and nearly 2 million people have fled their homes to neighboring countries. This paper attempts to explore this present day civil war and genocide taking place in the Sudan. This is an event of epic proportions that will have vast implications for the future of the country and the continent. Understanding the history of European colonialism in Africa, as focused through the lense of the Sudan, is the purpose of this paper. Primarily, the paper will analyze the history of European imperialism in the region of the Sudan, and attempt to understand how the British occupation of the country provided the framework and foundation for many of the problems today. Furthermore this paper will explore the implications that this genocide will have in the international realm of politics; the lack of media expos ure of such an horrific event is another avenue of exploration in this paper. In present day Sudan the country is divided across political and religious lines that are so deeply rooted that a peace resolution does not seem likely in the near future. The world is simply waiting and hoping that the conflict will be resolved internally without aid from the outside world. The manner in which the world is responding to the conflict in the Sudan is indicative of the manner in which the world has always viewed Africa and its people. Dating back to as early the 1400s the world has always viewed the people of Africa as second-class citizens and have treated them as such. This mindset still p... ...aphy Anderson, G. Norman. Sudan in Crisis: The Failure of Democracy. Gainesville: University Press of Florida,1999. Khalid,Mansour. War and Peace in Sudan.London: Kegan Paul, 2003. Thomas, Graham F. Sudan: Struggle for Suvival. London: Darf Publishers Ltd., 1990. Voll, John O. Sudan: State and Society in Crisis. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991. The Economist. 31 July 2004. â€Å"Human Rights Watch.† http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2004/08/27/darfur9268.htm 27 August 2004. â€Å"Socialist Party.† http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/sep04/ â€Å"Oxfam News†.http://oxfam.ca/news/Sudan/Q&A2.htm. November 2004. â€Å"Socialist.net†.http://www.socialistworld.net/index2.html?/eng/2004/09/07sudan.html. â€Å"BBC News†.http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3496731.stm. â€Å"U.S. Department of State†.http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5424.htm. October 2004.

Managing People Motivation Essay

Human resources are the Heart and soul of the organization. It is important that you should manage them effectively to optimize the full utilization of their talents. It is not enough to attract and retain talented people, you should motivate them to use their talents. Keeping an employee working at full potential is the ultimate goal of employee motivation. The employment contract provides a symbolic relationship between employers and employees. Employers expect employees to work hard, committed to the values of the organization, loyal and dependable, keep the work standards set by management, observe the rules and regulations and provide output in terms of product or services that are of good quality. Employees, on other hand that they should be rewarded well and equitably, treated fair and humanely, provide opportunities for career development and promotion given work that suits their abilities and have a happy and safe working environment. The success of the business is largely dependent upon the ability of the managers to motivate workers to achieve the high results. Managing people motivation is a must. Definition of Motivation Motivation is the internal condition that activates behavior and gives it direction; energizes and directs goal-oriented behavior. Motivation Helps explain why people do the things they doo. Understandin motivation is a major concern f all managers. History of Motivation The oldest technique used to motivate others is known today as the Carrot and Stick method. The name evolved from the stubbornness of the donkeys that could only be moved by taunting them with carrots. Early managers regularly offered economic â€Å"carrots† to entice people to work harder. This theory created misconception that money always motivated people to work harder. The awakening field of psychology was looking for a new way to motivate people, and n short time, managers would begin looking for psychologist for new methods of management. On 1923 Elton Mayo made clear the inadequacy of the pure carrot and stick motivation. Performing an experiment Philadelphia textile mill, Mayo concluded that the reason for the low was hat spinners had low opportunities to communicate with one another. Financial incentives failed to increase productivity. Mayo felt that the solution to his productivity problem was change the atmosphere of the workplace. The introduction of (2) ten minute break for the spinners produced immediate results. Morale improved and output increase tremendously. The spinners experiment confirmed Mayo belief that it was important for managers take into the account the psychology and well being of the worker. The Era of Industry Psychology Douglas McGregor was one of the few Americans n the 1950s who believed that the workers actually cared about doing good work. Building tradition with roots in the early work of pioneers such as Elton Mayo, He questioned a deeply held assumption that guided managerial efforts for centuries. He and the other psychologist held the view that it was unfair and bad psychology. They argued that people’s skills, attitudes, energy and commitment are resources that can make or unmake the enterprise. This new era of industrial psychology led to a sensitive understanding of people and their symbolic relationship with organization. 1. Organization exist to serve human needs rather than the reverse. 2. People and Organization need each other 3. When the fit between individual and system is poor, one or both suffer. 4. A good fit benefits both.

Definition of Taliban An Extremist Sharia Law Movement

The Taliban is an Islamic Sunni movement following a strict interpretation of Sharia law that took over Afghanistan following the Soviet withdrawal in the late 1990s. Taliban rule imposed draconian restrictions on women being allowed to work, go to school or even leave the house — which could only be done fully covered with a burqa and accompanied by a male relative.   The Taliban granted safe haven to terrorist group al-Qaeda,  leading to their overthrow by a United States-led invasion in 2001 and have since regrouped in the mountainous region straddling Pakistan and Afghanistan where they continue to operate as an insurgent movement currently known as the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. Differences in Ideologies In order to understand the difference between the Talibans radical interpretation  of Sharia law and that of the majority of the 1.6 billion population  Muslim  world, it is important to also realize that like Christianity — which has its own extremist groups like the KKK — Islam can be broken down into subgroups as well: the Sunnis and the Shiites. These two groups have been battling it out for over 1,400 years, originating with a dispute over the death of the Prophet Muhammad and his rightful heir in the leadership  of the Muslim world. Although they share many core values of the same religion, the Sunnis and the Shiites do differ in a few beliefs and practices (just as Catholics differ from Baptists). Further, they created a divide in the interpretation of Sharia law, which would ultimately lead to some Muslim-majority nations treating women as inferior while a majority afforded women the same treatment as men, often elevating them to levels of power throughout early and modern Islamic history. Establishment of the Taliban Controversy  has long surrounded international interpretation of Sharia law  because of these differences in ideologies and interpretations of the religious  texts. However, most Muslim-majority countries do not follow a strict Sharia law that restricts womens rights. Yet, radical follower like those that would eventually form the Taliban  misrepresents the larger, peaceful ideology of Islam. As early as 1991, Mullah Mohammed Omar began gathering followers amongst refugees in Pakistan based on his extreme interpretation of religious law. The first known act of the Taliban, whose story was perpetuated by their own members, involved Mullah Omar and 30 of his soldiers freeing two young girls who had been abducted and raped by the neighboring governor of Singesear. Later that year, with their numbers greatly increased, the Taliban made its first march northward from Kandahar. In 1995, the Taliban began attacking the capital city of Afghanistan, Kabul, in order to attempt to assert their control over the government, declining to join a political process already in place to establish the rulership of the nation. Instead, they bombed civilian-occupied areas of the city, drawing the attention of international human rights watch groups. A year later, the Taliban took control of the city. A Short-Lived Regime Mullah Omar continued to lead the Taliban, assuming the role of the supreme commander and spiritual leader until he died in early 2013. Immediately upon assuming office, the true motives and religious ideology of the Taliban came to light as they enforced a number of laws over the women and minorities of Afghanistan. The Taliban only controlled Afghanistan for 5 years, though in that short time they committed a number of atrocities against their enemies and citizens alike. Along with denying United Nations-funded food relief to over 150,000 starving villagers, the Taliban burned large areas of farms and residences and carried out massacres against Afghan citizens who dared defy their reign.   After discovering the Taliban had provided shelter to the Islamic extremist group al-Queda in 2001 before and after their terrorist attack on 9/11 against the United States World Trade Centers and Pentagon, the U.S. and United Nations formed a group invasion to overthrow the terrorist regime of Mullah Omar and his men. Although he survived the invasion, Mullah Omar and the Taliban were forced into hiding in the mountainous regions of Afghanistan. Still, Mullah Omar continued to lead insurgencies through the Taliban and similar groups like ISIS and ISIL to carry out over 76% of civilian murders in Afghanistan in 2010 and 80% of them in both 2011 and 2012 until his death is 2013. Their antiquated, inhumane interpretation of an otherwise peaceful text continues to garner support, begging the question: Are counter-terrorism efforts in the Middle East helping or hurting the cause to rid the Islamic world of these types of religious extremists?